考试知识点23 限制性定语从句与非
限制性定语从句
高考考试频度：★★★★★
考向一 非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句是对意义已经很明确的先行词给予补充、说明，删去非限制性定语从句，主句的意思仍是定义明确、结构完整的。非限制性定语从句的引导词有who，whom，which，whose，as，when，where等，that不可用于引导非限制性定语从句，从句之前要用逗号。
先行词指人，则用who，whose，which等；
先行词指物，要用which；
先行词表时间或者地址，并在句中作时间状语或者地址状语时要用when或者where引导。
1、用非限制性定语从句的状况：
1. 关系代词指代整个主句时，用非限制性定语从句。
☛You did a lot for me, for which I was grateful. 你为我做了很多，对此我非常感激。
☛The Diaoyu Island belongs to China, as is known to us. 大家都知道，钓鱼岛是中国。
☛A middle-aged woman killed her husband, which frightened me very much. 一个中年女子杀害了我们的老公,这令我十分恐惧。
2. 当先行词指的是世界上与众不同的事物或人名地名等专有名词时，用非限制性定语从句。
☛China, which is my motherland, is developing fast. 中国是我的祖国，正在飞速发展。
☛Eason, who was a pop star, got married last year. 伊森去年结婚了，他是明星。
☛Last Sunday they reached Nanjing , where a conference was to be held. 他们上周日到达南京，有个会议要在那里举行。
3. 当先行词指的是某人只有一个亲属（son，daughter等）时，用非限制性定语从句。
☛He has a daughter, who is studying in London. 他有个女儿，目前正在伦敦学习。（只有一个女儿）
☛This is my teacher, who has something to tell you. 这是我的老师，他有一些事情要对你说。
2、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句有什么区别
1. 形式不同
限制性定语从句主句和从句之间不需要逗号隔开，口语中用时也不停顿；而非限制性定语从句与主句之间一般有逗号隔开，口语中用时有停顿。
2. 功能不同
限制性定语从句用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和辨别，假如去掉，就会导致句意不完整或定义不清；而非限制性定语从句用于对先行词起补充说明用途，假如省略，句意仍然了解、完整。
☛People who take physical exercise live longer. 进行体育训练的人活得长些。
☛His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week. 他女儿目前在波士顿，下星期回来。
3. 翻译不同
在翻译定语从句时，一般把限制性定语从句翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前，而把非限制性定语从句与主句分开。
☛He is the man whose car was stolen. 他就是汽车被窃的那个人。
☛I’ve invited Jim, who lives in the next flat. 我邀请了吉姆，他就住在隔壁。
4. 含义不同
比较下面的两个句子：
☛I have a sister who is a doctor. 我有一个大夫的姐姐。
☛I have a sister, who is a doctor. 我有一个姐姐，她是当大夫的。
5. 先行词不同
限制性定语从句的先行词只能是名词或代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词则可以是名词或代词，也可以是短语或句子；另外，当先行词为专有名词或其他具备与众不同性的普通名词时，一般要用非限制性定语从句，而不需要限制性定语从句。
☛Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous. 彼得开车非常快，这是非常危险的。
☛He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改变了主意，这使我非常生气。
☛Mr. Smith, who is our boss, will leave for Japan next week. 大家的老板史密斯先生下周要去日本。
☛Her father, who has a lot of money, wishes her to study abroad. 她爸爸非常有钱，期望她出国学习。
6. 关系词不同
关系词that和why可用于限制性定语从句中，一般不需要于非限制性定语从句；另外，在限制性定语从句中，关系词有时可以省略，而在非限制性定语从句中关系词一律不可以省略。
1.（2019·新课标II卷·语法填空）Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield， __________ she opened with her late husband Les.
【参考答案】where
【答案分析】考查非限制性定语从句。剖析句子结构可知，先行词为the pet shop，在非限制性定语从句中作opened一词的宾语，故用which。
2. She and her family bicycle to work, _________ helps them keep fit.
A. which B. who C. as D. that
【参考答案】A
【答案分析】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：她和家人骑自行车去上班，这能够帮助她们维持健康。“____ helps them keep fit”是非限制性定语从句，该从句修饰整个主句，引导词在从句中做主语，故该从句应用关系代词which引导。A选项正确。
3.（2017·新课标卷I·语法填空）Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, __________ is not good for the health.
【参考答案】 which
【答案分析】句意：非常可能摄入过多的脂肪和盐，那对健康没好处。剖析可知which is not good for the health为非限制性定语从句，先行词是前面的整句话。
4.（2017·新课标卷II·短文改错）In their spare time, they are interesting（改为interested） in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the roofTOP of their house.
【参考答案】 which
【答案分析】非限制性定语从句需要用which引导，故将that改为which。
5. （2017·新课标卷III·语法填空）But Sarah, ______________________________ has taken part in shows along with TOP models, wants ______________________________ that she has brains as well as beauty.
【参考答案】 who
【答案分析】考查定语从句。剖析句子结构可知，______________________________ has taken part in shows along with TOP models是非限制性定语从句，非限制性定语从句中缺少主语，且先行词为Sarah，指人，要用who。
6.（2016·全国新课标卷I·语法填空）But my connection with pandas goes back ______________________________ my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, ______________________________ I was the first Western TV reporter ____________________________________________________________ to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.
【参考答案】when
【答案分析】考查定语从句。后面是非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少状语，又因先行词是时间，故填when。
考向二as，which引导的定语从句
1、相同点
两者引导非限制性定语从句时，可指代主句中的部分或整个句子的内容，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，坐落于主句之后有时可互换。
☛The meeting was put off, as /which was exactly what we wanted. 会议被推迟了，这正是大家想要的。
☛He was a doctor, as/which I knew from his manner. 他是一名大夫，我是从他的举止中了解的。
2、不同的地方
1. as可以放在主句前后，也可插入主句之中；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能坐落于主句之后。
☛As is known to all, fish can’t live without water. 大家都知道，鱼离开水没办法存活。
☛Air, as we know, is gas. 正如大家所知，空气是气体。
2. 在非限制性定语从句中，which后的be动词不可省；而as后的be动词可以省略。
☛She told me she won the match, which was a lie. 她告诉大家她取得了比赛，这是一个谎话。
☛The material is elastic, as shown in the figure. 这种材料是有弹性的，正如图中所示。
3. which在非限制性定语从句中作主语时可用各类动词作谓语；而as作主语时，谓语常用系动词，如be，seem，become等，一般不需要其他行为动词。
☛He saw the girl, which delighted him. 他看见了那个女生，这让他非常高兴。
☛He didn’t say anything at the meeting, as/which seemed very strange. 他在会议上一言未发，这看着很奇怪。
4. as常用＂正如＂含义，常见的结构有as we know（大家都知道）；as often happens（正如常发生的那样）；as is often the case（状况常常这样）；as we all can see（正如大家看到的）；be announced / expected / known / imagined / mentioned / said / shown / reported等。这类结构常放句首，偶尔也可以放句中或句末。
☛As is known to all, China is a developing country. 大家都知道，中国是一个进步中国家。
☛Kate was late for school, as often happened. 凯特上学迟到了，正如常发生的那样。
5. 在非限制性定语从句中，which可指代主句中的某一个单词，as不能。
☛My brother enjoyed playing basketball, which he really plays well. 我哥哥喜欢打篮球，他打得很好。
☛Beijing, which he was born in, is our capital. 北京，他生的地方，是大家的首都。
6. ＂介词+关系代词（介宾代物）＂中关系代词只可以用which。
The Travel Agency, with which our company has been dealing for several years, has opened for new branches. 那家与大家买卖了好几年的旅游社又开了新的分店。
☛Air is a mixture of gases, of which oxygen forms 21 percent. 空气是一种气体的综合体，其中氧气占了21%。
7. 从句中的谓语动词是不是定形式时，常用which。
☛He can write a letter in English, which I can not. 他可以用英语写信，我不可以。
☛metal will bear beating with a hammer, which a stone will not. 金属能承受得住用锤子敲打，但石头则不可以。
8. 非限制性定语从句中的关系代词代表前面主句中的宾语从句时，常用which。
☛He said he had passed the exam, which was untrue. 他说他通过了考试，这是假的。
1.The number of smokers，________is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.
A.it B.which C.what D.as
【参考答案】D
【考试试题分析】剖析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，指代的是整个主句的意思，故可排除A、C两项。as引导非限制性定语从句时，表示＂好似，正如＂，符合题干意思，故选D项。
2.He has made as much progress ______________ is enough for him to be admitted to Fudan University.
A.as B.that C.what D.which
【参考答案】A
【答案分析】考查定语从句。依据句意＂他已经获得了足够复旦大学录取的骄人的成绩。＂可知空处及后面的句子是修饰前面的名词progress的，所以是定语从句。因关系词在定语从句中作主语，可用关系代词as，that和which，又因先行词有as 修饰，所以用as，即构成＂as+ many /much+n.+ as...＂的结构；而what不可以引导定语从句，只能引导名词性从句。故选A。
题组一 过关训练
I．单项填空
1. You must learn to read people, ___________ will be necessary if you work in a team.
A. who B. that
C. which D. what
2.In ancient Egypt, green represented hope and spring, ___________ is the time of year ____________ things in nature start to grow after a long winter.
A. when；which B. what；when
C. which；when D. which；that
3. English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, ___________ uses it differently.
A. all of which B. each of which
C. all of them D. each of them
4. It is the third time that she has won the race, __________ has surprised us all.
A. that B. where
C. which D. what
5. When it comes to the majority of the latest technologies in the next 20 years, __________ has greater potential than the technology being developed in these young people’s company, __________ in my eyes will lead to a revolution.
A. nothing；which B. none；where
C. nothing；where D. none；which
6. The award-winning book was written by a teenager, ______________ was, indeed, beyond all expectations.
A.as B.which
C.what D.that
7. A lot of language learning, ______________ has been discovered, is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period.
A.as B.it
C.which D.this
8. ______________ is known to us all, failure usually results from laziness while diligence can result in success.
A.What B.Which
C.As D.When
II．语法填空
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1个适合的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
The UK’s 65 plus age group is the __________ growing crowd within our population, and likely to reach one in four people __________ 2040. So the number of ‘Silver surfers’ simply has to rise.
ONS statistics also show that almost 25% of adults aged 65 plus now use social networking sites, but with a third of this age group __________ on their own. These sites are becoming __________ important for the elderly to look for ways to stay connected to society, __________ has a great positive affect on feelings of isolation and depression.
This same age group is the most likely to live apart from others and often easier to feel __________ . A released study showed that as many as 1.2 million elderly people in England __________ loneliness.
Social media such as Facebook and Skype go a long way to deal with this issue by offering instant interaction with __________ ones at the click of mouse. Skype can bring grandchildren, who live on the __________ side of the planet, through the Internet into their front room and into their lives.
This age group ______________________________ by ill health, with 60% of them suffering long-term conditions, so discovering ways to remain in good health as long as possible is a wise choice. Technology has the ability to do this.
题组二体验考试真题
1.My eldest son, ________ work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment.
A. that B. whose
C. his D. who
2.（2016·天津）We will put off the picnic in the park until next week， ______the weather may be better.
A. that B. where
C. which D. when
3.（2015·湖南）It is a truly delightful place， ______looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.
A.as B. where
C. that D. which
4.（2015·天津）The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere______ his employees enjoy their work.
A. where B. which
C. when D. who
5.（2015·四川）The books on the desk， ______covers are shiny， are prizes for us.
A. which B. what
C. whose D. that
题组一 过关训练
I．单项填空
1. C 【分析】考查非限制性定语从句的关系词的使用方法。句意：你需要掌握怎么样了解其他人，假如你在一个团队中工作的话，这一点会非常有必要。这里空处指代整个前面句子的意思在从句中作主语，且有逗号与前句隔开，因此要用which，故选C。
2. C 【分析】考查定语从句。句意：在古埃及，绿色代表着期望和春季，是万物在一个非常长的冬季后开始成长的时间。第一个空是一个非限制性定语从句，第二个空是一个when引导的时间状语从句，所以选C。
3. B 【分析】句意：英语是由几个不一样的文化共享的一种语言，每种文化用的方法都不同。假如空格前加and则构成并列句，D正确，但此处逗号后没and，判断是非限制性定语从句，从句的谓语动词是uses，所以主语应该是单数，故选B。
4. C 【分析】句意：这是她第三次取得这个比赛，这让大家都大吃一惊。which可以代替前面整个句子的意思，其他不可以，故选C。
5. D 【分析】考查不定代词和非限制性定语从句。句意：当谈到在将来20年中，大部分的最新技术时，在这类青年的公司里正在被开发的技术更有潜力，在我眼里这将会产生一次革命。依据句意可知第一空填none；先行词是前面整个句子，所以第二空要用which引导非限制性定语从句。故选D。
6. B 【分析】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：这本获奖的书源于一个青少年之手，这件事确实出乎大伙的意料。此处应用which来指代主句的内容。as 可引导非限制性定语从句，但应译为＂正如＂，与后面出人预料的表述不符。
7. A 【分析】考查句子结构和as，which引导的非限制性定语从句有什么区别。______________ has been discovered是非限制性定语从句，先行词a lot of language learning是主句的主语，is happening 是主句的谓语部分，B、D两选项不可以引导定语从句，which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能放到主句后面。故选A。
8. C 【分析】考查定语从句。句意：正如大家都了解的，失败是由于懒惰，而成功则因为勤奋。剖析句子结构可知，as＂正如……＂，在此引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句。what不可以引导定语从句；which引导定语从句，指代整个主句，不可以置于主句前；when引导定语从句，在从句中作时间状语。故选C。
II．语法填空
【文章大意】在英国，65和65岁以上的人口在迅速增加。但互联网为他们提供了与外面及亲人维持联系的机会，同时也大大缓解了他们的孤独感。互联网科技有能力使他们更健康长寿。
1. fastest
【分析】考查最高级。在大家的人口中有多个年龄段的人。这就暗示了比较范围。
2. by
【分析】考查介词。人口变化是按部就班的事情，人口的变化应以目前到某一时间节点为判断依据，因此此处用“by 2040到2040年为止”不可以用in。
3. living
【分析】考查非谓语动词。 with后的结构是 n+ doing / done / to do等。此处是第一种状况。
4. increasingly
【分析】考查词性转化。此处考查副词修饰形容词愈加要紧。
5. which
【分析】考查定语从句。在这个句子中有二个已知的谓语动词，依据原则，此处应用连接从句的连词，从句中缺主语，这个连词指代前一句，因此确定用which连接
非限定性定语从句。
6. lonely
【分析】考查固定搭配。feel lonely是固定搭配。
7. experience
【分析】考查时态。 虽然主句的谓语动词用的是一般过去时态, 但从句表达的是现实情况所以用一般目前时态。比如：Yesterday, the teacher told his students The USA is an advanced country.
8. loved
【分析】考查非谓语动词。此处love充当ones的定语，ones与love是动宾关系，因此用过去分词。loved ones 。
9. other
【分析】考查不定代词。地球有两边，此处用the other指代已知的两之中的另一个。
10. is trapped
【分析】考查时态、语态。从句子结构和句意来看，需要用被动语态。此处the age group看做一个整体因此用is trapped。
题组二体验考试真题
1.B
【分析】考查定语从句。剖析句子结构可知，此处缺少非限制性定语从句的引导词，且与其后名词有所属关系，故应用whose引导。句意：我大儿子现在在纽约，他的工作让他全世界到处跑。
2.D
【分析】考查定语从句。剖析句子结构可知，空处在此引导定语从句，先行词为next week，且关系词在定语从句中作时间状语，故用when。
3.D
【分析】句意：这实在是一个招人喜欢的地方。它看着肯定和100年前一样，有着蜿蜒的街道和漂亮的农舍。先行词是place，非限制性定语从句缺主语，故选D。as引导非限制性定语从句时总是有＂正如，就像＂的意思。
4.A
【分析】句意：公司老板正在尽力打造一个职员们可以在其中快乐工作的轻松的环境。空处替代先行词atmosphere，且在定语从句中作地址状语，故用关系副词。
5.C
【分析】考查定语从句。句意:桌上的书是给大家的奖品，这类书的封面是光亮的。定语从句的先行词为books，它与定语从句的主语是所属关系，所以用关系代词whose引导定语从句。